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Bleiburg repatriations
Bleiburg repatriations (see terminology) is a term encompassing events that took place after the end of World War II in Europe, when tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians associated with the Axis fleeing Yugoslavia were repatriated to that country. Thousands were murdered or subjected to forced labor camps. The events are named for the Carinthian border town of Bleiburg, where the main repatriation was conducted.
On 3 May 1945, the government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state established in the Croatian and Bosnian parts of occupied Yugoslavia, decided to flee to Austria and have the remnants of the Croatian Armed Forces (HOS) move there as soon as possible in order to surrender to the British Army. Subsequently, the ''Poglavnik'' (''Leader'') of the NDH, Ante Pavelić, ordered the armed forces not to surrender to the Partisans but retreat to Austria over the former border of the Third Reich. The day after this order was issued, Germany surrendered unconditionally to the Allied powers, marking the formal end of World War II in Europe.〔Tomasevich (2001), p. 755〕 In the week after the surrender, Axis forces in Yugoslavia repeatedly refused to surrender and even attacked Partisan positions to avoid encirclement and keep escape routes open. When one of the columns of fleeing HOS troops intermingled with civilians approached the town of Bleiburg, the British refused to accept the surrender of the HOS troops and directed them to surrender to the Partisans.〔Tomasevich (2001), pp. 758–62〕
The various columns were, for the most part, made up of remnants of the military of the NDH, but also some remnants of the Chetnik movement and the Slovene Home Guard. The columns also included civilians. The number of casualties that occurred at the time of the repatriations and in the weeks that followed has proven difficult to ascertain, with exact numbers being a subject of much debate.〔Tomasevich (2001), p. 763〕〔Tomasevich (2001), p. 766〕 The aftermath of the repatriations was a taboo topic in Yugoslavia, and the public and official commemoration of the victims, whose numbers remain unconfirmed and vary wildly depending on the ideology of the reviewer, would only begin several decades after the events.
==Terminology==
Generic and subjective terms such as ''Bleiburg tragedy'', ''Bleiburg crime'', ''Bleiburg case'' and also simply ''Bleiburg'' are used in Croatia in reference to the entirety of the events.〔〔〔Grahek-Ravančić, 2008〕 A massacre at Bleiburg itself, the ''Bleiburg massacre'', is particularly discussed in context of Operation Keelhaul.〔Epstein, 1973.〕 The term ''Way of the Cross'' ((クロアチア語:Križni put)) is a common subjective term, used mostly by Croatians but possibly by Slovenians as well, regarding the events after the repatriation itself.〔Dizdar, 2005〕 The latter have been described as "death marches".〔〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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